Academic circles have basically reached a consensus that the new national system can drive the development of new quality productive forces, yet its specific mechanism of action and practical paths remain to be further clarified. Industries are the main carriers of productive forces, and the key to developing new quality productive forces lies in promoting the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure. As an unconventional task-oriented means of resource allocation, the new national system should neither nor can it "spread itself too thin"; clear goal-setting is a prerequisite for its effective implementation. Studies have shown that different industries exhibit significant heterogeneous characteristics, and there is no uniform model for the new national system to drive the development of new quality productive forces. Instead, it is necessary to design differentiated paths on the basis of accurately identifying the core restrictive factors of each industry. Specifically, for traditional industries, we should accelerate their transformation and upgrading through systematic planning and coordinated promotion of the construction of new-type infrastructure; for strategic emerging industries, we should accelerate their cultivation and growth by concentrating advantageous resources to tackle key core technologies; for future-oriented industries, we should accelerate their forward-looking layout by continuously improving the capacity for basic research and original innovation.

Cross-border ethnic groups are politically affiliated with different states while maintaining close cultural ties, giving rise to a binary tension between national identity and ethnic identity. This tension, which evolves dynamically, typically manifests in three forms: conflict, alienation and collaboration, and has profound implications for national security and border stability. The construction of modern national identity should not aim to eliminate ethnic identity but rather embrace diversity, optimize the system design and guide identity tensions toward collaborative forms, enabling national and ethnic identities to coexist and reinforce each other. In the Chinese context, optimizing this tension requires the principle of respecting and accommodating ethnic cultures while prioritizing national identity. This entails advancing whole-process people's democracy and the rule of law to ensure equal citizenship and rights; improving fairness in public services and promoting development in border regions; enhancing cultural commonalities to forge a strong sense of Chinese national community; building inter-embedded ethnic communities to foster interaction and integration between cross-border ethnic groups and other domestic ethnic groups. These measures can transform potential risks of binary tension into constructive forces for ethnic solidarity and national security.

In the literary world of the late Ming Dynasty, the Gong'an School and Jingling School emerged successively, which had a profound impact on the transformation of the poetic style of the late Ming Dynasty. Gong'an School and Jingling School have a high degree of consistency in their admiration for extraordinary people, but there are huge differences in their understanding of this kind of people. The extraordinary people depicted by Zhong Xing and Tan Yuanchun often have a cold and stern personality background, profound and meticulous personality traits, quiet and reclusive temperament, profound moral cultivation, and ancient academic pursuits. These factors are reflected in the creative philosophy and aesthetic approach of the Jingling School, which includes a rigorous and cautious creative attitude, a deep and meticulous aesthetic characteristic, a contemplative and immersive writing state, an ethico-aesthetic ideal of substantial depth, and a way of learning from the past to connect with the present. Since the mid to late Ming Dynasty, exceptional people often carried a distinct charactristic of Kuangzhe(the bold type), whereas the Jingling School transformed the ideal author from extroverted "Kuangzhe" to introverted "Juanzhe"(the scrupulously restrained type), at the same time endowing extraordinary people with profound cultural and moral connotations. This made the poetic temperament of Zhong and Tan more inclined towards depth and stillness rather than liveliness, and also promoted the gradual return of late Ming poetry to traditional elegant literature in terms of aesthetic and creative methods.

Guo Cui Xue Bao(The Journal of Nationality, or National Essence) is an important publication for observing late Qing poetry and prose, bringing together major literary schools. Under the guiding principle of "prose following the Han-Wei-Six Dynasties school, poetry following the Song school," the two major modern poetry and prose schools—the Han-Wei-Six Dynasties school and the Song poetry school—were able to engage in mutual exchange and complement. Han-Wei-Six Dynasties School absorbed the philosophical interest of Song poetry, and Song poetry school also absorbed the lyrical mode of Han-Wei-Six Dynasties poetry. Under the influence of Western pure literary ideals, they extracted the theme of "emotion" from Han-Wei-Six Dynasties literature, resonating with the modern Western Romanticism movement that emphasized emotion. The late Qing poetry and prose published in Guo Cui Xue Bao are not lacking in sincere and moving, fresh and natural, lyrical and expressive works, which had already possessed certain elements of modern literature. By examining the two major late Qing dynasty literary schools through the poetry and prose section of the Guo Cui Xue Bao, one can uncover details overlooked by mainstream literary history narratives, highlighting the significant value of late Qing dynasty literary innovations in the modern transformation of classical Chinese literature.

Both Chinese and Western literary theories use personification metaphors. "Humanized Literary Criticism" and the "Organic Unity" metaphor constitute a comparative perspective. Chinese theory expresses textual requirements through multiple layers of metaphorical imagery in stylistic theory. In the theory of creation and stylistics, terms used for describing people can be directly applied to texts. Western life metaphors originate in ancient Greece. Romanticism opposes "Mechanistic Theory" with the concept of "organism", while Coleridge uses the imagery of plant growth to symbolize the growith, integrity, spontanesty of subject's soul. The New Criticism emphasizes the contradictory unity of textual levels through the concept of "organic wholes", but falls into Formalism due to excessive focus on the mechanisms of the text thus resulting in formalism. Qian Zhongshu's theory of "empathy" has limitations thus resulting in formalism. "Humanized literary criticism" also focuses on objective rules, but "cultural artifacts" do not stand in opposition to the subject. Both Chinese and Western literary theories use life metaphors with text and author dimensions, emphasizing "wholeness." Under China's concept of "the unity of man and nature", all things resonate, subjects and objects blend, and the mean and poetic expression exude timeless human warmth. Western concept of "organic whole", though reconciling subject and object, remains rooted in Dualism. This metaphor also carries a sense of artificiality and modernity. Detailed logical reasoning and multidimensional inquiry reflect the strong reflective awareness and critical spirit in Western thought.

This paper focuses on the core dimension of "sense of gain, " analyzing the practical manifestations and underlying mechanisms of insufficient perceived gains during the current construction of a unified large market. Research findings reveal that factors such as inadequate coordination between dismantling and establishing new systems, polarized regional factor flows, lagging market scale growth, restrictions on factor mobility, divergent regulatory standards, and unequal public services have weakened the genuine perception of the unified market's effectiveness among citizens and enterprises. Drawing on institutional economics and behavioral science theories, this paper proposes a four-dimensional driving mechanism: empowering institutional innovation, ensuring procedural justice and fairness, strengthening domestic circulation, and optimizing public services. It specifically designs reform pathways and mechanisms centered on two fundamental qualities of the socialist market economy system: the free flow of factors and unified competition rules. Research indicates that only by effectively translating strategic and policy dividends into tangible benefits and conveniences for market entities and the public can consensus on reform be forged, thereby establishing the public support and social momentum necessary for building a unified national market.

Under the modernization rural society, digital technology can overcome the vulnerabilities in rural governance and construct a resilient rural governance system. From the perspective of "integrated governance", the empowerment mechanism of digital technology for resilient rural governance lies in: issue identification through technological empowerment, stakeholder presence via organizational restructuring, and resilience rebuilding amid governance transformation. However, practical examination reveals real-world challenges such as difficulties in accurately identifying issues, ensuring stakeholder presence, and achieving resilience rebuilding. To address these, this study takes "Village Notification" (Cunqingtong) in Longyou County, Quzhou City, Zhejiang Province as a case study and employs case analysis to construct an advanced pathway for collaborative governance between new public governance and digital technology. First, inclusive digitalization enables precise identification of governance issues. Second, integration with rural collective decision-making rules empowers virtual presence of governance stakeholders. Third, establishing a farmer-centered platform organization facilitates the rebuilding of resilient governance approaches. The research demonstrates that integrating digital technology with rural governance is not only an effective pathway for achieving efficient digital rural governance but also a significant strategy for enhancing the modernization of China's governance system and capabilities.

The phenomenon of participation backflow in rural grassroots governance in China is characterized by a dynamic evolution that reverts to a state of insufficient participation during the process of democratic transformation through participation activation. This is distinct from a persistently low level of participation or the failure of participation activation. Compared with the global "democratic recession" and Putnam's "participation attenuation" theory, participation backflow is marked by its asynchrony, non-uniformity, and unique driving mechanisms. An analysis of the typical case of "one matter, one discussion" reveals that the activation of public participation is highly dependent on and constrained by administrative power. Its essence is a tool for modernizing national governance, serving the goals of regime building, risk control, and development. As rural governance enters the era of a strong state, the enhanced state capacity has led to a shift from a risk control strategy that relies on participation empowerment to a control model that emphasizes the stripping of participation, thereby systematically squeezing the space for autonomy and triggering participation backflow. Participation backflow can occur independently of governance effectiveness and does not equate to democratic regression or democratic failure. The development of grassroots democracy requires addressing the tension between normative values and the political power base, the dynamic transformation of the relationship between the descent of administrative power and the activation of public participation, and the complex paradox between the activation of public participation and the goal of equalizing governance performance.

Low-altitude aviation and traditional aviation differ fundamentally in terms of flight planning, airspace utilization, value objectives, and other aspects, revealing the inadequacy of the traditional regulatory paradigm. In particular, the operational characteristics of low-altitude aircraft, being "low-altitude, slow-speed, small-sized, and numerous", pose a systemic challenge to the traditional "command-control" regulatory model built on the management experience of "high-altitude, high-speed, large aircraft." As a new governance tool, incentive-based regulation aims to balance the tension between safety and development values through interest-inducement mechanisms. However, in practice, it faces the inherent conflict between "incentive" and "regulation, " as well as the rule-of-law dilemma arising from the blurred boundaries of administrative discretion. The root of the former lies in the unclarified constitutional logic of property rights allocation in the low-altitude economy domain; the latter manifests as a puzzle of discretion limits caused by abstract rules, contextualized standards, and uncertain timing of intervention. To resolve the conflict between "incentive" and "regulation, " it is necessary to construct a composite governance mechanism integrating administrative guidance, administrative agreements, and negative incentives, thereby achieving a dialectical unity of incentive and restraint. Regarding the limitation of administrative discretion, institutional designs including low-altitude airspace classification, graded aircraft regulation, and multi-collaborative oversight should be implemented to transform subjective discretion into the application of objective rules, thereby enhancing regulatory certainty and predictability.

The state's authority over education is profoundly underpinned by traditional legal culture of China. At the theoretical level, the normative reconstruction of the state's authority over education should fully utilize traditional cultural resources, resolve the structural tension between the protection of the state's authority over education and the right to education, and promote the transformation of the state's authority over education from institutional culture to the normative transformation of national rationality. At the practical level, the multidimensional presentation of the constitutional practice of the state's authority over education should integrate Marxist jurisprudence with the Chinese legal system as its root. Meanwhile, the cultural essence of the state's authority over education should be implemented in the practice of educational rule of law, thereby promoting the systematic expression of the state's authority over education in the compilation of the education code, achieving the institutional shaping of cultural subjectivity through scientific methods.

Interdisciplinary studies represent a new direction for the development of academic disciplines. This research takes 884 interdisciplinary subjects independently established by 256 universities in China as the research object. By using the method of social network analysis, it measures the node centrality, modularity and heterogeneity characteristics of interdisciplinary subjects, and conducts an exploratory study on the network structure of interdisciplinary subjects. The results show that the total scale of interdisciplinary subjects independently established by Chinese universities is large and presents a diversified development pattern. Engineering disciplines and some economic and management disciplines are at the center of interdisciplinary studies. Agricultural, sports, art, traditional Chinese medicine and some defense disciplines are insufficiently involved in interdisciplinary studies. Disciplines within the same category have strong cohesion and have formed four major modules: environment and architecture, humanities and social sciences, engineering and mechanics, and agriculture and forestry and medicine. The overall heterogeneity of interdisciplinary studies is relatively weak, and there is a significant homogeneity in interdisciplinary studies in natural sciences. To optimize the construction of interdisciplinary subjects in universities, it is necessary to continue to provide policy guidance and support, encourage universities to carry out diversified interdisciplinary construction based on their characteristics and strategic needs, and at the same time establish a good interdisciplinary ecosystem to enhance the heterogeneity structure of interdisciplinary studies.