Based on the historical experience of China's 15th Five-Year Plan, this paper systematically studies key elements, including the transformation of economic development strategies, innovations in planning formulation methodologies, social development conditions, and the evolution of the international economic landscape. Through assessment of the external development environment and trend analysis, the research finds that global economic uncertainty has intensified, a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation is accelerating, and the global trade environments, rules and regulations, and governance systems are undergoing dramatic transformation. Based on the analysis of domestic development foundations and challenges, further research indicates that high-quality economic development has achieved breakthroughs while multiple downward pressures persist, and industrial structure upgrading continues to accelerate while risks coexist in key sectors, technological self-reliance and self-strengthening show preliminary results while shortcomings in core areas remain prominent, coordinated regional development advances steadily while regional disparities still require narrowing, and human capital levels improve steadily while demographic structural challenges emerge. Based on the above analysis, it is recommended that the 15th Five-Year Plan should focus on improving the planning system and policy coordination mechanisms, intensifying implementation of expansionary macroeconomic policies, accelerating industrial structure transformation and upgrading, vigorously promoting high-level technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, advancing coordinated regional development and urban-rural integration, proactively responding to demographic structural changes, and promoting risk prevention and reform in key sectors.

Qidi (Eight-banner land) served as the economic foundation of the Eight Banners system in the Qing Dynasty, and was a pivotal pillar of the establishment and ethnic oppression practiced by the Qing state. These lands were primarily distributed in Jifu (the capital region and adjacent areas), Fengtian (modern Liaoning), and other garrison areas of the Eight Banners. Upon the establishment of the Republic of China, the government initiated a survey and remeasurement of Qidi, categorizing them into grades, collecting land prices, issuing licenses, and converting Qidi into Mindi (civilian land). This process is termed as"the transformation of Qidi into Mindi." Taking Jifu, Fengtian, and Nanjing as case studies, this paper examines the origin, process, and impact of the measurement and distribution of Qidi in the early Republic of China. By measuring and distributing Qidi, the government collected payments, which corrupt officials exploited for personal gain. Meanwhile, the former Qing imperial family members, noblemen, and upper-class Banner people sold their land while collecting land prices, while landlords and tenants (sharecroppers) economically strengthened themselves by purchasing Qidi. The measurement and distribution of Qidi lasted for three decades, ultimately leading to the complete collapse of the Eight Banners land system. As Qidi was converted into Mindi, parasitic Banner landlords ceased to exist, and land-related lawsuits greatly decreased. This led to the unification of national land tax systems, and new landowners and smallholder farmers invested greater enthusiasm into production, thereby promoting the recovery and development of the agricultural economy. The transformation of Qidi into Mindi also encouraged Manchus to break free from the constraints of the Eight banner system and embark on self-sustaining livelihoods.

By systematically sorting out the diverse symbolic expressions in the inheritance of red culture, including material entities, behavioral activities, language and writing, and artistic creation, and taking the symbolic expression forms in the inheritance process of Zhao Shang-zhi's revolutionary spirit as a case study, this essay pointed out that the driving role of the symbolic expression of revolutionary spirit in the inheritance of red culture is mainly achieved through three mechanisms: emotional bonds, memory inheritance strengthening, and value shaping. On this basis, optimization strategies for the symbolic expression and identification construction of revolutionary spirit in the inheritance of red culture were proposed: to fully utilize the network and physical space, combine the advantages of industrial integration, and promote the integration of red culture with tourism, education, cultural and creative industries, technology and other fields; to improve the construction of channels and platforms for the dissemination of red culture, establish a sound management mechanism for the dissemination of red cultural symbols, and strengthen digital and technological empowerment; to carry out characteristic red culture education activities for different groups, create a good atmosphere for the whole society to inherit red culture, and promote the recognition of revolutionary spirit by combining regional cultural characteristics.

Based on 31 typical cases of rural digital governance collected through field research from July 2022 to November 2024, this paper conducts an empirical study on the influencing factors and improvement paths of rural digital governance effectiveness based on the theory of value co-creation and by using the fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) method. The findings reveal three distinct configuration paths: firstly the government-led regulatory model, in which fiscal subsidies, technological empowerment, and institutional design are coordinated by governments and third-party actors such as village elites to establish a value co-creation environment; secondly the resource-dependent technological coupling model, which relies on robust digital infrastructure and local resource endowments, supported by governments and external resources to embed digital technologies and realize co-governance and shared benefits among multiple stakeholders; and thirdly the structure-oriented institutional driving model, which emphasizes institutional norms, interest alignment, and emotional connections to strengthen organizational networks and social capital, thereby promoting the self-evolution and continuous optimization of governance structures. Therefore, it is necessary to build a value co-creation environment in a differentiated manner, enhanceing the adaptability of institutional regulations, promoting the effective transformation of technology; systematically integrating value co-creation resources, giving full play to the advantages of resource subjects; dynamically optimizing the value co-creation structure, building an interest connection innovation mechanism, and attaching importance to the soft role of emotional links.

The process of great unification in the early Qing Dynasty embodies the five outstanding characteristics of Chinese civilization. In terms of continuity, the monarchs and ministers of the Qing Dynasty believed that minority dynasties such as the Yuan Dynasty could also inherit the orthodoxy of China and had the right to rule the Central Plains. When promoting the unification of border areas, the Qing Dynasty drew on the experience of previous dynasties in managing border areas, and some leaders of border ethnic groups also understood their historical connections with the Central Plains. In terms of innovation, the Qing Dynasty's border management system at the central and local levels was innovative, and it would change the border system according to time and circumstances. The Qing Dynasty also carried out a comprehensive reform of the sacrificial system of the Imperial Temple of Emperors of all dynasties, making the sacrificial scope of the Imperial Temple more in line with the reality of a unified multi-ethnic country. In terms of unity, both the Qing emperors, local nobles, and soldiers and civilians of all ethnic groups deeply promoted or participated in the process of great unification, contributing to the unification of China in the Qing Dynasty. In terms of inclusiveness, the ethnics gather, and religious diversity, and the ethnics integrate. In terms of peace, the Qing Dynasty prioritized peaceful means to promote frontier regions' unification and did not expand externally after unification. Moreover, when defending national territorial security, it resolutely countered foreign invasions but did not aim to occupy territories of other countries. It should be emphasized that although the demonstration of the outstanding characteristics of Chinese civilization in the Qing Dynasty or ancient China had historical regularity, it was also influenced and restricted by the subjective and objective conditions of the times.

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the relationship between urban and rural areas has undergone several stages: the formation of a dual-track system, the imbalanced development during rapid economic growth, and a phase of comprehensive integrated development. Throughout these stages, changes in the land system and the model of industrialization have played a central role. By applying Marxist rent theory to construct a unified analytical framework, this study deconstructs the emergence and productive use of land rent in the evolution of urban-rural relations in China. It finds that during the planned economy era, the "price scissors" between agricultural and industrial products generated the large capital required for the heavy industry first development strategy. After the reform and opening-up, it was the "land price scissors" that helped accumulate substantial funds needed for urbanization. It is precisely the different land rights systems and industrial development models across various periods that have prevented the balanced allocation of production factors between urban and rural areas, resulting in stage-specific urban-rural development imbalances and laying the foundation for optimizing production relations in the next stage.To promote integrated urban-rural development comprehensively, it is necessary to break the dual land system between urban and rural areas and the dual pricing mechanism for residential-commercial land and industrial land within cities; to eliminate the dual household registration (hukou) system and its corresponding bifurcated public service provision structure and to clarify the interrelations between land, hukou, and the associated fiscal and taxation systems, as well as push forward reforms in fiscal policy.

New-quality productivity refers to an advanced form of productivity driven by technological innovation, with innovation and high quality as its core characteristics. It represents the sinicized development of Marxist productivity theory and provides theoretical guidance and strategic direction for promoting high-quality economic development and achieving Chinese path to modernization. In the digital economy era, digital industries—characterized by high technological intensity and data-driven features—naturally align with new-quality production factors and production relations, thus serving as a key driver for the advancement of new-quality productivity. At the theoretical level, digital industries integrate deeply with other production factors, exerting a multiplier effect that contributes to cultivating new-quality labor, generating advanced means of production, fostering new quality production objects, and reshaping new-quality production relations, thereby empowering new-quality productivity. However, digital industries currently face multiple practical challenges, including the urgent need for breakthroughs in core digital technologies, insufficient realization of data value, weak platform support, and underdeveloped industrial ecosystems—all of which hinder their empowering effects. In light of these challenges, it is essential to construct a systematic implementation pathway encompassing "digital technology-data factors-digital platforms-organizational ecosystems" to enhance the empowering role of digital industries and accelerate the high-quality development of China's economy.

Classroom silence is a kind of hidden action for primary and middle school students to participate in classroom learning and a survival art to strategically protect themselves.Primary and middle school students often implement a variety of resistance responses to the squeezing of teachers' educational power and the shaping of social and cultural habits through tacit individual actions such as submissive silence, participative silence and defiant silence. These resistance not only reflects the identity of primary and middle school students as the majority of the weak and their survival strategy, but also reflects the value distortion behind classroom silence.In order to reverse the misjudgment of the value of "classroom silence", teachers should overcome the simplification, randomization and non-ethical treatment of primary and middle school students classroom silence, and properly exercise teachers' educational power, construct a reasonable view of the virtue of classroom silence, and grasp the tension between meaningful silence and high-quality speech.

The royal envoys to Ryukyu in Qing dynasty wrote about Ryukyu in literature during their missions, mainly includes the daily space of the Embassy, the geographical space of the Eight Scenic Spots of Ryukyu, and the social space in Zhuzhi Ci. In the writing of the angel embassy, they marked their own identity through space and expressed the longing for noble achievements. Then they defined the embassy as "the other", and constructed rich and multifaceted self-image through interaction with daily space. On this basis, they shaped the geographical space of Ryukyu with Eight Scenic Poems as the centre. The selection of the eight scenic spots reflects the spatial order centered on Han culture, and the writing of the Eight Scenic Spots shows a strong love for the land complex, through which they endowed the Ryukyu landscapes with specific cultural meanings, made them literary landscapes that are both aesthetic and temporal. In the writing of the social space of Ryukyu, they not only highlighted the heterogeneity of Ryukyu society from aspects of residential buildings, clothing, and production methods. but also sought the traces of Han culture in culture, customs, and systems, and made it a literary image that incorporates subjective value. The presence depictions of different spaces in Ryukyu by the envoys of the Qing Dynasty constructed their self-images and the literary image of Ryukyu, and expanded the writing space of Qing Dynasty literature.

In the context of population aging, there is an urgent need to focus on the active agency of elderly individuals and the pathways through which their functions can be realized. Guided by social connection theory, this study utilizes data from the 2020 China Elderly Social Tracking Survey to explore the social participation patterns of the elderly based on their involvement in personal, family, and social life domains, employing latent class models to analyze the impact of these patterns on attitudes toward aging. The study identifies three patterns of social participation among the elderly: alienated, weakly connected, and strongly connected, with the weakly connected pattern being predominant. The assignment to a social participation pattern is related to the characteristics of the elderly. The impact of social participation patterns on attitudes toward aging is significant and robust. Compared to the alienated pattern, the weakly connected pattern does not offer particular advantages, whereas the strongly connected pattern markedly improves attitudes toward aging. This improvement is primarily achieved through the subjective factor of self-efficacy and the objective factor of social networks. The beneficial effects of the strongly connected pattern vary among different elderly individuals, showing a stronger influence on women, younger individuals, those with higher social status, and those residing in favorable regional environments. Future social policies and services should pay particular attention to the internal differences within this group when encouraging social participation among the elderly.

High-quality economic development is characterized by "quality and quantity improvement", "innovation-driven", "green and low-carbon", and "open and collaborative" development. In the digital and intelligent era, the transformation of the "quality state" of productivity, featuring data elements, digital information, and intelligent technologies, is a key factor in promoting high-quality economic development. Traditional productivity theory, neoclassical political economy theory, and contemporary innovation economics theory discuss from different perspectives the mechanisms and roles of knowledge production, technological progress, and industrial innovation in promoting economic growth and social transformation. New quality productivity is both a continuation and an evolution of traditional productivity theory. Its high-tech, high-efficiency, and high-quality characteristics determine that new quality productivity has an inherent logical consistency and compatibility with high-quality economic development. The practical path for new quality productivity to promote high-quality economic development lies in: developing strategic emerging industries and future industries to promote economic structural transformation; deepening the reform of the science and technology system to establish a new type of production relationship that adapts to the development of new quality productivity; innovating talent work mechanisms to stimulate the innovation vitality of all types of talents; and coordinating self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology with international open cooperation to create an open and innovative environment conducive to the development of new quality productivity.

Based on census data, this study examines the trend of first marriage patterns in the 20 years since the 21st century from the dimensions of when and whether to marry in big Chinese cities, represented by Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong. It further explores the mechanisms of the trend, relying on the theoretical framework of the 'Ready, Willing, Able (RWA)'. The results indicate that the postponement in first marriage has become prevalent in Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong, even more pronounced than the whole country, with the second decade in Beijing and Shanghai showing a clear acceleration compared with the first decade. The postponement in first marriage in Hong Kong is about 20 to 30 years earlier than that of Beijing and Shanghai, and the degree of postponement is most pronounced at present, but the pace of postponement has slowed down since the beginning of the new century. Female's first marriages continue to be earlier than male's, while the postponement of first marriage is more accelerated for females than for males in Beijing and Shanghai over the last two decades, as well as in Hong Kong in the last two decades of the last century. The urgency among young generations entering marriage in the three major cities has weakened. Hong Kong has a relatively high permanent unmarried rate, and the proportion of permanent unmarried in Beijing and Shanghai, although relatively low compared to Hong Kong, are higher than the national average. And there is also an evident trend of increasing permanent unmarried among the younger cohorts. On the whole, the current Chinese society is still characterized by 'late marriage and universal marriage', but the postponement in first marriage will continue, and the forces shaking the pattern of universal marriage has also been forming among the younger generations. The pattern of universal marriage may be broken from the big cities firstly.

Based on data from the China Aging Society Longitudinal Survey (CLASS, 2018-2020), the effects of intergenerational care for the old and the young on loneliness among the older adults were investigated. The results showed that caring for grandchildren significantly reduced the risk of loneliness, while caring for parents had no significant effect on loneliness among older adults in China. The length of time spent caring for grandchildren and loneliness showed a U-shaped relationship, decreasing and then increasing. For the older adults who agreed with the traditional filial piety expectation of "bring up the children for the purpose of being looked after in old age", caring for "an old" and "a young" had a significant interactive effect on their loneliness, which was manifested as being able to reduce the risk of loneliness. The gender difference analysis further revealed that the interactive effect of "an old" and "a young" caregiving had a protective effect on older men who agreed with the traditional filial piety expectation of "bring up the children for the purpose of being looked after in old age", while the effect on female older caregivers did not reach a statistically significant level. In order to effectively reduce the psychological loneliness of older caregivers, we should pay attention to the content and intensity of intergenerational care, pay full attention to traditional filial piety cultural concepts and gender differences, formulate more targeted mental health promotion policies and intervention systems, and provide institutional guarantees to improve the quality of life and well-being of the "sandwich class"of older individuals.

This essay captures the indicator of local government's environmental concern through text analysis of the work reports of cities across the country from 2008 to 2021, and examines the driving effect of government's environmental concern on enterprises' green transformation from the perspective of enterprise green innovation. It is found that the improvement of the government's environmental concern can significantly promote the green transformation of enterprises. The higher the regional government's environmental concern, the higher the number and quality of green innovation of enterprises in the region. The mechanism test results show that enhancing the environmental awareness of enterprise management, improving the quality of enterprise environmental information disclosure, and promoting enterprise green credit financing are the three main ways that the government's environmental concern drives the green transformation of enterprises. The results of heterogeneity analysis show that in non-heavy polluting enterprises, technology-intensive enterprises and enterprises with poor legal environment, the government's environmental concern has a more significant driving effect on enterprises' green transformation. Therefore, the relevant government departments should pay more attention to environmental problems, continue to optimize the mechanisms and channels for the government's environmental concerns to drive the green transformation of enterprises, formulate differentiated policies to improve the accuracy of the government's environmental concern green governance function.

Based on the typical case of DeepSeek achieving major breakthroughs in artificial intelligence despite restrictions on core technology in key fields, this study integrates Schumpeterian innovation theory, open innovation theory, and national innovation system theory to construct a tripartite analytical framework involving motivated enterprises, effective markets, and proactive governments. It explores how China achieves technological catch-up in artificial intelligence. The research reveals that China's AI advancement stems from the organic synergy of enterprise innovation, market cultivation and government guidance. Specifically, enterprises drive progress through innovation ambition and strategic planning; markets strengthen supply-demand dynamics to propel ecosystem evolution; and governments refine institutional design to steer innovation layouts. This synergistic mechanism has propelled the autonomous and controllable development in strategic technologies, accelerating the cultivation of new quality productity, invigorating private sector dynamism, and anchoring technological innovation in a people-centric approach. To achieve further breakthroughs in frontier technologies, enterprises should build technological ecosystems within their competitive domains; markets need to optimize allocation mechanisms for innovation elements including finance, talents, and data; while governments should enhance infrastructure deployment and forward-looking policy guidance.

Based on the data of 804 listed companies in China A-share electronic information industry from 2013 to 2023, this paper constructs an analysis framework of "artificial intelligence-innovation efficiency-enterprise competitiveness", and empirically analyzes the relationship among artificial intelligence, innovation efficiency and enterprise competitiveness. The results show that artificial intelligence can significantly promote the profitability and operational ability of enterprises, especially in large enterprises, software and network service industries and enterprises in the eastern region. At the same time, artificial intelligence also has a significant positive impact on enterprise innovation efficiency, but the intermediary role of innovation efficiency has not passed the test, and innovation efficiency has a significant inhibitory effect on the profitability of sample enterprises. Further analysis suggests that this may be related to the generally low achievement conversion rate of Chinese enterprises. Therefore, we should strengthen the deep integration and application of artificial intelligence technology and production and business activities; we should not only pay attention to the promotion of artificial intelligence to innovation efficiency, but also pay attention to the transformation of results; and we should also guide the construction of differentiated artificial intelligence development system according to factors such as enterprise scale, industry and region.

In the development process of the cartographic work and landscape painting, map shows the trend of landscape, while landscape painting shows the nature of the cartographic work. Both of them are realistic, artistic and philosophical. As the image presentation of the national geographical image, the the cartographic work and landscape painting were important media for Song Dynasty to construct the "great unification", shape the image of the "FengHeng YuDa", and realize the political ideal of "kingly way". Subsequently, the cartographic work and landscape paintings were endowed with the meaning of morality and chaos. It shows that the landscape paintings are not only the description of national geographical forms and the spiritualization of landscape art.In addition, landscape image is a political construction issue. This article is based on the political background of the separation of Yi and Xia, using the history of artistic concepts and iconography analysis methods to explore the origin, function, elements and symbolic significance of the cartographic work and landscape paintings. It revealed the artistic and aesthetic characteristics hidden in the politics and expanded the research scope of the history of painting and aesthetics. In conclusion, the political ideal has influenced the style and theme of painting and the cartographic work in the Northern Song Dynasty. Landscape art is an important way for the inheritance and evolution of National Geographic Image and concept. Art, politics and geography penetrate each other and build the image narrative mode of Chinese traditional geography.

Using the data of China's Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed companies and local municipalities from 2009 to 2023, the pilot cities of social credit system reform are selected as the research objects, and a multi-temporal double-difference model (DID) is constructed to empirically analyze the impact effect, the mechanism of the impact, and the performance of heterogeneity of the social credit system reform on the specialized division of labor of enterprises. The results show that the reform of social credit system significantly promotes the level of enterprise specialization division of labor, and the influence mechanism includes reducing information asymmetry and transaction cost. The results passed the parallel trend test and placebo test, and the conclusion still holds after the robustness tests of replacing the explanatory variables, changing the sample period, adding omitted variables and changing the estimation method. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the reform of social credit system promotes the specialization division of labor more significantly in non-state-owned enterprises and enterprises in regions with weak rule of law environment. Therefore, we should accelerate the construction of a national unified credit information sharing platform; optimize the application scenarios of credit evaluation, embed credit ratings into key areas such as supply chain finance, government procurement, etc.; implement regionally differentiated policy supply, increase credit infrastructure investment in central and western regions with weak rule of law foundations, guide financial institutions to develop "credit+" financial products, and compensate for regional development through institutional innovation.

The Divided Line in Book Ⅵ of Plato's Republic is significant for the structure of being and knowledge in Plato's philosophy. In this analogy, Plato introduces dianoia as a cognitive state, the precise nature of which-along with its corresponding objects-has been the subject of extensive scholarly debate. The interpretations of dianoia in the Divided Line face their own set of difficulties. However, if we understand the objects of dianoia as inaccurate "mental representations" of the Forms, many of these interpretive problems could be avoided. Although Plato never explicitly uses the concept of mental representation in the dialogues, evidence for such an interpretation can be found both in the Republic and in his later works, as well as in the writings of ancient Platonists. On one hand, Plato's discussions of perception suggest that the objects of perception are themselves representations internal to the agent. On the other hand, some ancient Platonists explicitly take the objects of dianoia to be internal to the soul. In this way, Plato's notion of "mental representation" provides an early philosophical foundation for the later development of this concept in the philosophy of mind.

Using the data of "National College Students' Academic Situation Survey", this paper constructs multiple linear regression and quantile regression models, and empirically studies the influence of college students' learning styles on learning gains. The results show that experiential learning can effectively improve college students' learning gains; practice and interactive discussion are more effective in improving college students' general ability and professional ability, while classroom learning is more effective in improving college students' self-awareness and social cognitive ability. Further research shows that in terms of disciplinary differences, the learning benefits of "thinking" and "doing" are different among different types of students. Interactive discussion is the most effective for students of literature, history, philosophy and art, interactive discussion and practice are the most effective for students of economics, management and teaching, and practice is the most effective for students of science, engineering, agriculture and medicine. On the difference of learning ability, the marginal benefit of interactive discussion on college students' learning gains is increasing, and the benefits of interactive discussion on students' learning gains are positively "U"-shaped, while interactive discussion and practice have a greater marginal impact on students' learning gains at middle and high levels. Therefore, we should optimize the top-level design of practical teaching and create a practical field combining virtual reality with reality; we should establish an investigation system of college students' academic intelligence to deepen the classification and hierarchical training of college students; we should give full play to the positive feedback function of interactive discussion and train top-notch innovative talents.

The unique civilizational perspective of Chinese modernization represents a new form of civilization shaped by the Chinese nation through historical inheritance and epochal transformation, profoundly echo the question of "where the world is headed" in human civilization. Rooted in both the essence of Chinese civilization and the fundamental principles of Marxism, this perspective achieves creative transformation through "the second integration", forming the concept of "harmony and coexistence" that transcends the logic of Western modernity and dispels the myth of Western-centric civilizational hierarchy.By assuming multiple roles—as a promoter of peace, a leader of development, a shaper of security, and a guardian of order—it contributes China's strength to addressing global deficits in peace, development, security, and governance, demonstrating the feasibility of this unique civilizational perspective through practice. It advances civilizational forms from unipolar modernity to pluralistic modernity by resolving the dilemma of modernity; it facilitates the creative transformation from ideas to reality through conceptual elevation; and it reshapes value paradigms, guiding human civilizational interactions from conflict to mutual learning. This perspective offers a new vision with Chinese characteristics and global significance for human society.

Based on the provincial digital government evaluation data and CSS2021 survey data, this paper uses the multi-layer linear model to empirically test the impact of digital government construction on the public's sense of social equity, and explores its mechanism. The results suggest that: firstly, digital government performance has improved individual perception of social equity, and this positive effect is mainly derived from digital government infrastructure, applications, and securities, while the effects of open government data and digital service are not significant; seconldy, digital government performance can promote citizens' perception of social equity through improving their perceptions of citizen-government interaction, including perception of service delivery, perception of rule of law, perception of government transparency, and perception of government responsiveness; thirdly, while Internet penetration (reflecting the digital access divide) does not have a significant effect on the relationship between digital government performance and social equity perception, education of the population at the provincial level (reflecting the digital usage divide) enhances the positive effect of digital government performance on citizen-government interaction perception, and in turn the mediating role of citizen-government interaction perception in the relationship between digital government performance and perception of social equity. These findings suggest that future efforts should focus on enhancing public data utilization and improving online service systems, while also advancing nationwide digital literacy and skills initiatives to bridge the usage gap and maximize the equity-enhancing potential of digital governance.

The new quality productive force, which is free from the development path of traditional productivity, is a new driving force for promoting Chinese path to modernisation and a new engine for promoting the common prosperity of farmers. New quality productivity promotes the common prosperity of farmers through intrinsic mechanisms such as industrial empowerment, employment drive, factor flow, and ecological wealth, but at the same time, it faces the gradual prominence of the imbalance between the supply and demand of workers' skills in the industrial upgrading and transformation, and the promotion and application of new science and technologies may exacerbate the income gap between different groups in rural areas. In the process of digital and intelligent economic development, the imbalance of shared resource elements, the overflow of information and the convenient dissemination affect the common prosperity of the spiritual life of the majority of farmers. To this end, it is necessary to accelerate the improvement of the vocational skills of new workers, strengthen the main force of farmers towards common wealth, expand the scope of innovative supply of technological applications, create a strong driving force for farmers to increase their income and get rich, pay attention to improving the digital co-construction and sharing mechanism, enhance the institutional guarantee of farmers' common prosperity, and build a demonstration mechanism for spiritual civilisation, lay a solid ideological foundation for the spiritual common prosperity of farmers.

Building on the critique of survival narratives in traditional subaltern studies, James Scott, through fieldwork, identifies two types of self-interested actions adopted by subaltern peasants in the face of survival challenges: substantive strategic actions prioritizing economic damage control and symbolic strategic actions aimed at reconstructing collective self-identity through cultural resistance. The formation of these strategic actions is closely related to social structures, cultural environments, and group identities. Scott skillfully employs the interpretive technique of "hidden transcripts" and methods of interpretive anthropology to deeply analyze the behavioral logic of subaltern peasants. However, his perspectives exhibit specific theoretical limitations in understanding state-subaltern relations, selecting case field, and demonstrating the structure-agency dialectic. Nevertheless, his discussions on "village development, subaltern peasant behavior, and grassroots governance techniques" provide valuable empirical insights for rural grassroots studies in China. Current rural development in China requires balancing agriculture efficiency and grassroots fairness, establishing a comprehensive rights protection system for all peasants, and more effectively integrating standardized governance with local knowledge.

Using panel data from 2010 to 2019, this study focuses on Beijing and Shanghai as the research sites, and constructs an analytical framework for educational-supply behavior and empirically examines the impact and transmission mechanisms of education investment strategies on household financial burdens. The findings indicate that: Beijing predominantly pursues a quality-first strategy, concentrating fiscal resources on public (especially high-quality public) kindergartens. With public supply falling short of demand, families face similar costs between universal-benefit and non-universal-benefit private kindergartens, resulting in higher overall burdens due to reliance on private options. Conversely, Shanghai adopts an accessibility-first strategy, prioritizing funding for universal-benefit kindergartens to ensure broader access. Ample public supply leads to significantly lower costs for families using universal-benefit programs versus alternatives, maintaining lower aggregate burdens. Accordingly, the fisical-financing mechanisms must evolve in response to changing conditions by actively exploring differentiated per-child appropriation schemes, refining teacher compensation incentive structures, and incentive structures preschool service systems.

DeepSeek's one-way value alignment theory lacks sufficient support and practical effectiveness, and it exists urgent necessity of exploration of corresponding solutions. DeepSeek overthinks user's prompts and exhibits a behavior characteristic of transparent "slow thinking", it pieces together data and literature to mislead user behavior. Under the guidance of "value standardization", one-way alignment has been alienated into "value colonialism", which triggers moral hazard; the limited value of large model data and the massive consumption of data lead to the risk of data value exhaustion; the lag of one-way value alignment risk assessment standards and the guidance of pseudo "human standard value" in generating assessment results are full of value bias, which triggers the risk of alignment result assessment failure. The human-machine value integration plan is supported by theories such as "people-centered", "social control theory". This paper claims to establish an ethical review mechanism for artificial intelligence to provide institutional guarantees for the integration of human-machine value; strengthening the ethical supervision mechanism for big data, facilitate data sharing channels, and enhance the transparency obligation of large model providers; establishing an artificial intelligence ethical audit mechanism, refine audit rules from the perspectives of audit subjects, content, and procedures, and comprehensively evaluate DeepSeek's ethical compliance from both process and outcome dimensions.

Disposition behavior and disposition consciousness are not necessarily to be the unity of subjective and objective, and there are cases where disposition behavior involving third-party payment platforms does not have disposition consciousness. Because the realization of the danger in the constitutive elements of the crime of fraud must depend on the disposition of the consciousness, while the crime of theft is not necessary, the danger of the two crimes at the macro level is not too different, but the danger at the specific level is not the same. Therefore, it is appropriate to keep the consistency of the statutory punishment of the two crimes at the legislative level and require the conviction amount of theft to be lower than that of fraud at the judicial level. The function of disposition consciousness to distinguish the indirect principal offender of theft and fraud should be adhered to. In addition, if we persist in the theory of interest theft and the doctrine of the necessity of dispositional consciousness, there will be no punishment loopholes in the doctrine of the necessity of disposition consciousness, though there will be inevitable punishment gaps under the requirements of responsibility. To give full play to the distinguishing function of disposition consciousness, the doctrine of strict disposition consciousness is appropriate. For tangible property, the deceived person needs to be aware of the transfer and possession of the property, specifically the quantity of the property and the type or nature that is meaningful to the specification of the property. For intangible property, it needs to be realized that property interests are out of control. Because the foundation of possession is the control power of reality, they should be strictly consistent in the judgment of disposition consciousness.

Based on the experience of local governments in using digital technology to enhance the efficiency of grassroots governance, and by leveraging the theoretical perspective of grassroots governance elements, this paper explains the dimensions and mechanisms through which digital technology empowers grassroots governance. The research finds that digital technology enhances the problem identification ability of grassroots governance subjects through refined analysis of governance objects; improving the ability to integrate multiple governance subjects through process management of governance subjects; strengthening the control over the governance process through regular supervision of the governance process, thereby enhancing the efficiency of grassroots governance. At the same time, digital technology governance also brings a series of new challenges, including the leakage of personal privacy information, the triggering of digital formalism, and the compression of grassroots autonomy. Therefore, it is necessary to standardize the collection and use of governance object information by governance subjects and protect personal privacy; guiding grassroots governance subjects to establish correct concepts and improve the evaluation system of grassroots governance subjects to overcome digital formalism; clarifing the boundaries of digital supervision and grant grassroots governance subjects certain modification rights to balance digital supervision and grassroots autonomy.

Hermeneutics theory is an important part of Herder's linguistic philosophy, historical philosophy, and anthropological research. Many of its ideas and concepts constitute the basic principles of modern hermeneutics. But for a long time, Herder's hermeneutic theory has been on the edge of hermeneutic tradition and its research. Reviewing Herder's hermeneutics theory and its influence can clarify its pioneering position in the origin and development of modern hermeneutics. Herder redefined the relationship between language and thought by refuting two theoretical assumptions of the semiotic interpretive theory in the German Enlightenment era, namely that language is only a visible symbol of a priori representation and that texts and discourse themselves have complete comprehensibility, proposing a symbiotic relationship between ideas and language, opening up interpretive activities as a process of dialogue and interaction with the interpretive object, thus opening up space for semantic confrontation in interpretation. Herder gradually developed a historicist hermeneutics in his Shakespeare studies, and his revelation and emphasis on the historical conditioning of understanding and the structural inevitability of cognitive biases became key elements in modern hermeneutics. Herder's call for the establishment of an anthropological turn in hermeneutics in the popular philosophical trend promoted a profound transformation of interpretive behavior from epistemology to ontology.

During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Communist Party of China (CPC) against the backdrop of a shifting context where the nation's survival hung in the balance, constructed the political symbol of the "Anti-Japanese National United Front" through flexible contextual adaptation, inclusive subject construction, precise semantic definition, and strategic meaning interpretation, thereby achieving a politically mobilizing effect of profound significance. The CPC's discourse on united resistance evolved from a state of multiple interchangeable terms before gradually stabilizing into the fixed political expression of the "Anti-Japanese National United Front", marking a shift from class revolutionary discourse to national salvation discourse. From the perspectives of target orientation, subject orientation, method orientation, and form orientation, the discursive construction of the "Anti-Japanese National United Front" was not only tied to the CPC's precise understanding of the overall interests of the Chinese nation and the partial interests of various political parties and social strata, but also deeply connected to the semantic connotations and logical evolution of different expressions advocating united resistance against Japan. The discursive construction experience of the Anti-Japanese National United Front offers valuable practical insights for the construction of united front discourse in the new era. To build united front discourse in the new era, it is necessary to integrate contextual realities, semantic connotations, and meaning interpretation, advancing discourse construction holistically in terms of constructors, target orientation, content orientation, method orientation, and form orientation, thereby forming a united front discourse system with strong cohesion and guiding power.

The communalization of public security governance is to adjust the relationship between multiple subjects, and then gradually shape a specific public security governance ability to meet the corresponding needs of public security governance. Therefore, "subject relationship" and "public security governance ability" are the two clues in the process of public security governance communalization. They refer to each other and fit each other, forming the core logic of public security governance communalization. In the early stage of the community, the subject relationship is the positive influx of multiple subjects, that is, the socialization of the subject relationship, and the ability requirement is the ability of multiple subjects to participate; In the middle stage of the community, the subject relationship is embodied in institutionalization and stabilization, that is, the subject relationship is structured, and the ability requirement is the sustainable ability of cooperative action; In the later stage of the community, the subject relationship is the consistency of value identity, that is, the subject relationship is valued, and the ability requirement is the ability of value internalization identity. In the process of public security governance community, the "subject relationship" guides the construction of "public security governance ability". The subject relationship gradually moves from the combination relationship to the community relationship, and the public security governance ability is also improved, continuously releasing the efficiency of Public Security Governance.

The Joseon dynasty and the Jurchen tribes were geographically adjacent and had close interactions, which led to a long-term situation of cross-border population movement. In terms of the direction of population movement, there was a distinct "two-way" feature. In terms of the types of cross-border population movement, they could be roughly divided into long-term residence and round-trip types. The cross-border movement of people between the two sides lasted for more than two hundred years. Each successful or failed case of population movement, vividly depicted the fate of individual lives against the backdrop of the times, and also reflected the complexity of the specific aspects of cross-border population movement between the two sides. The common intention of both sides was to prevent the loss of their own population while absorbing and integrating the inflow of the other side's population. This was a shared policy orientation, demonstrating that population was a truly valuable resource. The long-term two-way population movement inevitably led to mutual assimilation between the two ethnic groups. The DNA sequencing data from modern molecular anthropology also provides new evidence for the ethnic exchanges and even integration across the Tumen River and the Yalu River as recorded in historical materials.

Family is the basic unit and main force of urbanization for farmers. Based on the method of case study and the perspective of parental subjectivity, the paper found that the driving mechanisms of parental responsibility ethics, which are based on the ontological value of passing on the family line, face oriented social competition, and inter generational emotional transformation, have formed a "multi factor, long-term, unidirectional" support for offspring. Under the underground of urbanization, the parental responsibility ethics mainly focus on supporting children to purchase houses and settle down in cities, and thus shape two types of practices: county-level urbanization and super county-level urbanization. The urbanization of farmers supported by the ethics of parental responsibility has significant vulnerability and social spillover effects. Once parental support is suspended, offspring will face severe urbanization pressure. The unconditional support of parents for their offspring's urbanization makes it difficult to receive timely feedback from them, and the issue of elderly care for parents is gradually detached from the family. This poses new challenges to the existing family and social policy systems.

Artificial intelligence is non-subjective and only intervenes in contractual relations as a technical tool. During the contract formation stage, artificial intelligence can convey the intention to contract on behalf of the parties, and the effect of the expression of intent belongs to the corresponding civil subject. When artificial intelligence miscommunicates, it is necessary to distinguish whether it is due to the error of the declarant's instructions or the functional error of artificial intelligence for liability attribution. The information exploitation based on algorithms by artificial intelligence has respectively formed structural advantages and individual advantages in unilateral artificial intelligence contracting and bilateral artificial intelligence contracting. To avoid grossly unfair contracts, it is necessary to allocate information obligations to bridge the barrier of equal negotiation. When artificial intelligence serves as the subject matter of a contract, the obligation of technology update only constitutes an accessory performance obligation in a one-time performance contract, but constitutes a principal performance obligation in a continuous performance contract, and is not limited by the current technological level. When artificial intelligence serves as a tool for contract performance, the responsibility for defective performance is still borne by the obligor, and this rule also applies in the case of automatic execution of smart contract obligations. When artificial intelligence performs the result obligation on behalf of the obligor, a contractual liability arises as long as the specific result is not achieved; when it performs the means obligation on behalf of the obligor, the obligor needs to fulfill the supervisory duty over artificial intelligence.

Reducing the burden of education is a pivotal initiative in the education governance of the New Era and holds significant implications for building China into an education powerhouse. As governance practices deepen, digital technologies are increasingly integrated into the burden reduction system, serving as a vital driver for improving governance effectiveness. Drawing on exemplary cases of the "double reduction" initiative recognized by the Ministry of Education, this study adopts the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework to construct a multidimensional analytical model. Through the combined application of Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA) and fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), the study explores, from a configurational perspective, the diverse pathways by which digital technology enhances the governance of education burden reduction. Findings indicate that the effectiveness of digital-driven governance is contingent on the synergistic interaction of multiple factors, resulting in four effective pathways: the balanced development pathway, the foundational support pathway, the multi-stakeholder synergy pathway, and the dual technology-organization pathway. Based on these findings, the study proposes the following optimization strategies: firstly, enhance cross-element collaboration to build a systematic governance framework; secondly, strengthen digital infrastructure and data governance capacity to improve grassroots-level implementation; thirdly, stimulate broader societal engagement to foster a diversified co-governance structure; and finally, reinforce strategic leadership and innovation-driven approaches to advance deep reforms in education governance.

Based on the five-phase input-output table of Beijing from 2007 to 2022, this paper uses the input-output analysis method to calculate the scale of Beijing's digital economy, and deeply analyzes its structural characteristics and industry differences. The results show that the scale of Beijing's digital economy continues to expand, and its proportion in GDP is rising steadily. The digital integration sector plays a significant role, and the tertiary industry plays a leading role in the integration process, especially in the fields of health and finance. At the same time, however, there are great differences in the level of digital development among different industries. The degree of digitalization of traditional industries such as agriculture is low, and the problem of uneven development among industries is still prominent. In this regard, we should accelerate the extension of digital infrastructure to low-level areas, support low-level digital industries by classification, enhance the spillover effect of integrated industries, and build a collaborative mechanism for industry-university-research-application, so as to comprehensively improve the quality and sustainability of Beijing's digital economy development, and at the same time provide theoretical support for other regions to explore the development path of digital economy.

Based on the panel data of 424 commercial banks in China from 2007 to 2023, this paper empirically tests the influence of local government debt expansion on the core profitability index of banks' net interest margin and its mechanism. The results show that the expansion of local government debt significantly reduces the net interest margin of commercial banks, and then weakens their profitability, and this conclusion is valid under a series of robustness tests. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the negative impact of debt expansion on the net interest margin of commercial banks is significantly heterogeneous, especially for non-state-owned banks, unlisted banks and local banks. Further research shows that bank risk-taking behavior plays a moderating role in the relationship between debt expansion and bank net interest margin, and high-risk banks amplify the compression effect of debt expansion on net interest margin by relaxing credit review and increasing leverage ratio. Therefore, local government debt governance should be optimized to prevent inefficient investment from occupying bank credit resources; implementing differentiated and precise banking supervision strategies to improve the ability of banks to manage net interest margin and serve the real economy; strengthening bank risk management and control, and restraining high-risk banks from amplifying the negative impact of debt expansion on bank net interest margin; encouraging banks to use financial technology to identify risks and optimize resource allocation, so as to offset the crowding out effect of local government debt on high-yield enterprise credit.

After the outbreak of An-Shi Rebellion, the Tang court was in urgent need of reconstructing a new concept of "Great Unity" to cope with the crisis of internal and external troubles, and accordingly, new changes emerged in the writing of Ci Fu. However, there is a notable lack of academic attention to this topic. Ci Fu in the Mid-Tang Dynasty publicized the idea of "respecting the emperor" in the Spring and Autumn Period's Gongyang School, endowing the traditional hunting Ci Fu with the realistic significance of opposing the unrest caused by regional military governors. At the same time, the writing of the mandate of heaven was used to replace the historical narrative of the founding of Tang Dynasty through military conquests, interpreting the legitimacy and orthodoxy of imperial power and restoring the imperial authority. Under the confluence of the political idea of "respecting the sovereign" and the trend of Confucian revival, scholars upheld Confucianism as "the teachings of the former kings". Ci Fu also began to include content criticizing Buddhism, while carrying forward the traditional theme of upholding Confucianism, presenting a creative tendency of rejecting Buddhism and advocating Confucianism. Mid-Tang Ci Fu focused on showcasing the diverse music, dance, and ritual costumes of various ethnic groups. It highlighted the cultural "Distinction between Huaxia and Barbarians", while also demonstrating the concept of "Huaxia and Barbarians Mutual Change" through depictions of social custom transformations. Therefore, Ci Fu became an important vehicle for Mid-Tang scholars to reconstruct the traditional cosmopolitan order and reorganize the ideological framework of the cultural system.

From a global comparative perspective, the modernization processes of today's developing countries are significantly diverse and present an increasingly complex and multi-faceted picture. Based on a review of modernization theories, a comprehensive analytical framework is constructed from six dimensions: development concepts, material foundations, internal conditions, external environments, governance systems and their capabilities, and the level of modernization development, to explain the differences in modernization paths among different countries. From this framework, it can be seen that striving for national independence, adhering to an independent path, building an effective government, maintaining openness and cooperation, correctly treating traditions, and creating a favorable external environment are the basic experiences of modernization construction in developing countries. Orderly turmoil, "growth without development", premature deindustrialization, widening wealth gap, population issues, ecological crises, and development vulnerability are becoming obstacles to the modernization process of developing countries. The theoretical implications are that the modernization path of developing countries is neither smooth nor fixed. The key to the smooth progress of modernization in developing countries lies in the governing ability and leadership position of the ruling party, the construction of a governance system and national capacity that adapt to modernization development, maintaining a dynamic balance between development and costs, and establishing a fair and reasonable new international political and economic order.

Applying the fundamental principles, stance, and perspectives of Marxism, this paper systematically elucidates the deep ideological foundations for correctly handling five major relationships in the building of a powerful country in education. Supporting national strategies and meeting public needs constitutes a concentrated manifestation of the Marxist theory of contradictions throughout educational development. The relationship between knowledge acquisition and holistic development offers a contemporary interpretation and evolution of the Marxist concept of all-round human development. The connection between talent cultivation and societal demands profoundly reflects practical requirements of educational development, particularly illustrating the dialectical relationship between social existence and social consciousness. The balance between regulation and vitality serves as a crucial guideline for advancing comprehensive educational reform, embodying the educational application of the "necessity and freedom" dialectic. The interplay between cultural confidence and open inclusiveness extends and manifests the relationship between education and a nation's cultural soft power, demonstrating fundamental laws of dialectics.