The subject of the five senses was widely discussed from the classical times to the medieval age, and what was particularly important was the hierarchy of the five senses. The sight and hearing were regarded as two supreme senses, while the smell, taste and touch were ranked as lower ones. Such recognition was deeply rooted in the western culture and had a lasting influence. However, the supremacy of sight or hearing varied with the age. Sight had its absolutely leading role in classical times, while when it came to the medieval age, hearing frequently took the place of sight as the noblest, most reliable sense, due to the fact that the Word and preaching were stressed in Christian doctrine. Because of the tension between classical thought and Christianity, sight and hearing intertwined to become the noblest of the five senses in the western culture.

This paper reviews the literature on Chinese homosexual in English academia along the lens of “Chinese” and “homosexuality”. From the perspective of “Chinese”, the dispute around the “Chineseness” of Chinese homosexuality has been discussed in detail in the tension between the global gay identity and the homosexual subculture derived from Chinese culture, whereas in the aspect of “homosexuality”, the paper firstly presents the allegory of (post-) identity politics in Tongzhi movement, taking Hong Kong as an example, and then illustrates the constitutive role of some of the recent publications in the ongoing (post-) identity politics. The final part provides two reflexive points to, hopefully, provide some new directions to the domestic academia: a) the reflection on the relationship between literature/theory and the reality, which is based on the “Chinese” discussion, and b) the reflection on the representation problem of “the subaltern”, in Spivak’s sense, which is based on the “homosexuality” discussion.

The English Education of China, Japan and Germany are influenced by Common European Framework of Reference for Language(herein after referred to as European Framework), but Japan and Germany are stronger than China as far as “Can Do” ability is concerned. Based on the experiences of Germany and Japan, the paper presents an analysis of the existing problems in China, and furthermore, an exploration of corresponding strategies from six aspects: education philosophy, language ability, teacher development, relationship between Chinese and foreign language, consistency of college/middle/primary education, examination, aiming at absorbing the essence of European Framework and experiences from Germany and Japan, solving the “Can Not Do” problems,seeking a way out for transforming the Chinese English Education, and making English as a tool beneficial both to the nation and the citizens.

Through the comparative study, it is found that there are significant differences in the surveillance of Internet public opinion between China and US. China monitors public opinion and sentiment in an attempt to avoid social instability. Monitors and objects do not pose a hostile relationship. The United States surveil people and their behaviors in the network, and establish individual network activity metadata systematically, all network actors look like as potential terrorists. In the surveillance method, China shields the site, restricts the information release and monitors a single individual based on a single event. The United States surveil collectively and search the individual triggering a safe signal in a secret way.

Based on the dynamic monitoring data of the National Health and Family Planning Commission from 2011 to 2015, the paper analyzed the changes in structural characteristics of the floating population in Beijing. It finds that the overall quality of the floating population in Beijing is relatively low and the trend of family mobility is obvious. The employment structure matches the industrial structure, but the quality of employment is not high. Both income and consumption are in the lower-middle and low groups. More than 60% choose private housing rental, and due to the lack of labor contract guarantee, the social insurance coverage rate is only about 30%. Agricultural household registration accounts for more than 60%, and Hebei, Henan as well as Shandong are the main population outflow provinces. The hollowing out of middle class is obvious. The basic reason for the structural problems of floating population in Beijing is that the industrial structure in Beijing is not reasonable. Therefore, the paper puts forward following suggestions:take the industrial structure adjustment as the main axis, take the optimization of urban spatial layout as the main line, take the regional coordinated development as the guide and take the construction of ‘four centers’ as the focus.

The legend of Obasuteyama in Japan which is famous for the abandonment of the aged has become a perpetual motif with a mysterious and powerful vitality from oral culture to literature creation. According to the results of Japanese folklore studies and related literature, this paper sorts out and summarizes the type, origin, evolution, and other social heritage of “Obasuteyama”, and reveals that the Japanese “Obasuteyama” is a legend which impel people to respect and love the aged. It has not only an important literary research value, but also implies the scientific treatment methods in human needs of the aged groups, meanwhile, it has a special and important practical value in aging society nowadays.

Based on the Longitudinal Social Survey on Aging in China in 2014, it is found that the elderly tend to have a high incidence of income poverty, the poverty population scale is huge and the poverty situation is alarming. There are 55.76 million old people whose income is lower than the domestic poverty line. The elderly population in relative poor is between 76.98 million to 89.59 million. Meanwhile, Chinese older adults in poverty incidence present structural characteristics of "three high and three low", namely the elderly is higher in rural areas than in urban areas, higher for women than for men, and higher among older elderly than among younger elderly. But the poverty incidence may reduce among the elderly with higher education. In addition, old people who live alone and in rural "empty-nesters" are most likely to fall into poverty, and need priority support from policy and comprehensive treatment.

"Expanding the middle-income groups"is a grand strategic in the distribution of income put forward by the national leadership,and it has driven increasing attentions from the academics and the public. It's quite difficult to define the middle-income groups through quantitative criteria. Based on the existing research achievements of middle income criteria and current situation of China's national income,this paper put forward to some criteria to define China's middle income groups through the analysis compared with Japan and South Korea.

After the end of the first Opium War, historians began to make a positive image of Lin Chek-shu in the war. However, until the 1920s, the reviews on Lin Chek-shu were still different. After Nanjing government carried out the Anti-Opium Movement in the 1929, it launched a series of activities which were used to commemorate the deeds of Lin Chek-shu's anti-opium campaign. These activities reshaped the heroic image of Lin Chek-shu. Therefore, Lin Chek-shu's story was reinterpreted by the government. It formed a special version of story which not only highlighted the heroic image of Lin Chek-shu but also possessed distinctive characteristics of the times. Jiang tingfu and Chen gonglu's accusations of Lin Chek-shu have been criticized sharply and widely then. During the Anti-Japanese War, Lin Chek-shu's name and deeds began to impose a political influence. During the war of liberation, Chinese Communist Party finalized the process of Lin Chek-shu's image shaping.

Despite of the fact that Taiwan local literature emerged and developed under the influence of May 4th new literature, the elaboration of its essence differs markedly from that of the essence of mainland local literature put in the field of Taiwan literature. Taiwan academia's theoretical imagination and formation of this concept evolve constantly, and its value orientation continually reproduces and is full of ideological thinking. These issues were raised during the debate on local literature in Taiwan in the 1930s.The debaters' careful consideration of the essence of local literature left certain room of imagination and observation for the formulation of the theory of local literature. The concept of local literature formed in the specific historical situation and cultural context and the consciousness of localness formed the specific indication and quality of Taiwan local literature and influenced ceaselessly writers' creation and practice.

With the change of population structure, elderly care in China is gradually transforming from family care to community care. Community elderly care is expanding from traditional family to community, integrating emotional dependence of family and professional service into community platform. The Imbalance of demand and supply is the result of the government supply misplacement, market supply failure and NGO supply failure. In the era of information age, digital community elderly care based on grid should take advantage of urban grid management system, investing resource into community with the help of big data, achieving effective management of community elderly care.

The grass in nature turns green in the autumn. Songs of the South and Nineteen Ancient Poems were the earliest descriptions of this phenomenon. This poetic image was used to express the emotion of missing friends and the longing for seclusion. Translators often ignored or misunderstood this poetry imagery. Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the poetic imagery was mainly used to describe the wife missing her husband, and became reflections of poet's own life after Tang Dynasty. With the acceptance of the anthology changes in different times, the understanding and application of this poetic imagery showed a corresponding trend.

Jia Zhangke had gained a wide range of reputation because of his Hometown Trilogy. However, his life experiences and materials have been used up and his films meet difficult transition after his leaving hometown. There were some defects which restrict the art level of Jia Zhangke's films in recent years, such as subject choosing, paragraphs joining, and fragment expressing, etc. The only way for his out of difficulty is to dive into social reality and to accumulate source materials.

This paper examined a Choson envoys' experience of Beijing, the capital of Ming and Qing dynasties and was to explain their views of Beijing and "Xiao zhonghua Mind". The Choson envoys' image of Beijing in the Ming dynasty was "the capital of civilization". Since the transition period from Ming to Qing dynasty, its image changed from "the capital of civilization" to "the capital of barbarian" in the eyes of Choson envoys who viewed the Manchu as the destroyer of "Chinese civilization". But along with the gradually stabilized the relationship between Qing and Choson dynasty, the Choson envoys gradually accepted the capital of Qing as the center of Chinese world order, and referred Beijing as the "emperor capital". However, it should be noted that unlike the emperor capital of Ming dynasty, "Chinese culture" and "barbarian culture" coexisted in the capital of Qing dynasty, it was imperfect as the center of Chinese culture in the eyes of Choson envoys.

The targeted poverty reduction is a good solution to the current problems of rural poverty. But in the course of practice, The targeted poverty are also facing some problems:the policy requires an accurate recognition of poor objects while no objective and precise criteria exist in the recognition and locking of poor households which limits the targeted poverty reduction's function and effect. The original intention of targeted poverty reduction is to collect project resources in a short time, so that the poor villages' living and production conditions could be improved. However, it can't improve the poor farmers' developing capacity and opportunities. The accurate poverty alleviation is a long-term process, which should adhere to principle classification management in practice and support those vulnerable families who have more development capacity. In addition, the grass-roots organizations should play a bigger role on poverty reduction.

Zeng Guofan clan members, known as the descent of Zengzi, was always taking protecting the Confucianism as their duty. After the Taiping Rebellion, Christianity has gradually been embedded in Zeng Guofan clan. After the Revolution of 1911, Zeng Guofan clan generated the first group of Christians, from the followers of Confucius turning into the disciples of Jesus. This phenomenon has implied the tendency of "Christianization" of Zeng Guofan clan. They believed the theory of Christianity Salvation Nation, and made a confluent and complementary phenomenon of Confucianism, Buddhism and Christianity emergeing within Zeng Guofan clan. It was not only the characterization of indigenization of Christianity, but also a model experiment of culture exchange and integration between China and the Western world.

Yue Ci (Ci written by Guangdong native poets ) had an important position in the Ci field in the Qing Dynasty, which was particularly prosperous in the Jiaqing period and Daoguang period. Wu Lanxiu was one of the representatives of Lingnan (the south of the Five Ridges) Ci field at that time whose work Tonghuage Ci was highly praised. In terms of content, Tonghuage Ci recorded the author's wandering life and drifting mind, including the lament of the life like a dream, the cherishing of love and friendship, and the desiring of returning hometown. In terms of art, Tonghuage Ci has sincere feelings, euphemistic expressions and elegant language. Wu Lanxiu learned and benefited a lot from poets from the Tang Dynasty to Song Dynasty. It reflects his aesthetic pursuit of paying attention to the expression of real feelings. It can be said that Wu Lanxiu is the primrose of Lingnan Ci field in the Jiaqing period and Daoguang period.

This article uses 143 Chinese commercial banks’ data from 2003 to 2014 to test the effect of Internet finance development on commercial banks’ profit. The results show that Internet finance development reduces commercial banks’ profitability significantly and the effect on city commercial banks is bigger than that on large banks and rural commercial banks. Joint stock commercial banks can seize the Internet financial opportunities and enhance their profitability. Internet finance development positively effects the commercial banks’ especially those joint-stock banks’ non-interest income and profit diversification. In a word, although the development of the Internet finance puts adverse effects on commercial banks’ profitability, it also urges them to adjust the profit model and transform the single mode to the diversified one.

Previous studies almost have ignored the issue of intercultural/interracial marriages between Chinese men and Western women. Although the number of this type of marriages might still be scarce, it is sociologically interesting and important. Intercultural/Interracial marriage is a complex social phenomenon which implies profound social significance, structural social problems, ethnic issues and value orientation. By investigating the images of Chinese men in the eyes of Western women living in Ireland, and incorporating statistical description as well as Neural Network Model, this paper surveys the Chinese men’s marital attraction to Western women. Based on the data collected, it contrasts the images of Western men and Chinese men in Western women’s perception. The mate preference of Western women is analyzed, and the reasons for Chinese men’s “unpopularity” in mate selection are disclosed. The Chinese masculinity and the underlying cause for its formation is discussed from the perspectives of Chinese and Western cultures, such as cultural construction, gender traits, media, and so on.

As a female director in the cutting-edge director, Li Yu's female works showed extraordinary female consciousness, strongly demonstrated the patriarchal but never criticized it; in the erotic desire of the peep mechanism, layers of stripping sexual power extension connotation, and gave humane care. Overstep from time to time, transformation from time to time, from female to male, from confrontation to reconciliation, risk society and the two sexes, the interweave of lives or deviation led to the result of the reconciliation of the two sexes. This is the desire of the director, and the Chinese-style"gender field" feature. From the perspective of gender, what the female film and female director brought to the Chinese film market is not just strange and delicate mirror story, the film creation mission and the true meaning should be noticed outside the screen and inside the patriarchal culture.

A monk resided at a Buddhist temple in Xinfan county of Chengdu Fu had drawn a painting of portrait of Taizu. Nobody had been interested in this painting after its completion for a long time. However, the Emperor's Portrait that didn't accord with the established practice became a scarce resource during the reign of Emperor Shengzong. The Emperor's Portrait of Taizu in Chengdu gained extensive attention from Sichuan local government and the imperial court. The worship activity for the Emperor' Portrait became more and more prosperous in the common effort of all elements, which ultimately made the imperial court build a Holy Palace for the Emperor's Portrait to be worshipped on schedule. The imperial court gave the Emperor Taizu's Portrait in Chengdu a treatment of quasi-Holy Portrait's Palace, which marked the rise of The Palace of Emperor's Portrait of Sichuan. During the early southern Song dynasty, the Emperor's Portrait in the imperial palace had been dispersed with the northern territories of Song Empire's occupation by the Jurchen Jin Dynasty. The portraits of five emperors of Song Dynasty since Taizhong had been moved from Shanxi to Sichuan. After that, all portraits were placed at the Holy Palace with the Emperor's Portrait of Taizu, which resulted in the pomp of the six Emperor's Portraits in Sichuan. At the last years of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Holy Palace of the six Emperor's Portraits had no choice but to be removed out of the Shu, because of the collapse of the Sichuan government. However, the issue around the ritual and treatment of the Holy Palace of the Emperor's Portraits had prompted various kinds of struggles in Song Dynasties, behind which reflected a variety of features of local politics of Sichuan and the subtle relationship with the imperial court.

For literary texts, the title is not only the direct transmission mode of the author's creative purpose, but also the important key of interpreting the text, the content of the examination, and even the thoughts and culture of the world. WenXuan has changed the title of Wang Bao's Dongxiao Song, Ma Rong's Changdi Song and Pan Yue's Jietian Song by making the stylistic standard that is "the system of ancient poetry, now all changed to the name of Fu". The crude form of change has forced the tradition of poetic tradition, which is severed in the Han dynasty though celebrating the text content of physical replacement for depicting object surface characteristics. The code of conduct not only addresses the historical legacy of stylistic confusion, but also realizes the distinction of style. However, Wen Xuan has a strong power of literary history, and has led to the limitation of the textual content of the text in the scope of the description and covers the original meaning of the text.

Qing Lou Ji, a biography written by Xia Tingzhi, recorded a large amount of affairs between singsong girls and literati in Yuan Dynasty, which provided primary sources to explore the interrelationship between singsong girls and literati of different social classes. According to Qing Lou Ji, singsong girls established and maintained an active interaction with both upper class and lower class literati. This interaction not only improved the literary accomplishment of the singsong girls, but more importantly promoted the prosperity of Qu. Therefore, the aesthetic trends and the significant status of Qu in literati's daily cultural activities can be better understood by studying the interrelationship between singsong girls and literati of different social classes during Yuan period.

The folk belief which takes the "temple" and "fair" as the material carrier in Guanzhong region has a strong local flavor. Its central trait is the religious belief embedded deeply in common customs life. Through a historical inspection and a processing analysis on the temple fair in Guanzhong region, this paper finds that the embedded-folk belief have two characteristics in the process of temple building and fair going. On the one hand, the community's resource-integration and value-production are based mainly on the mutually construction between man and deity. On the other hand, the integration of social elite and positive social contacts of the village are based on an interpersonal interaction. These four forces affect each other and constantly reproduce the endogenous order and the subjectivity order, which can offer powerful safeguard for regional stability.

According to the stipulations of “Legislative law”, lower rank norm can not conflict with the higher rank norm, which is an important principle of legislation. However, scholars did not reach a clear and common understand on the true meaning of law contravention. They have three different views on this issue: any legislation authority overstepping by the lower rank norm is law contravention; law contravention means the lower rank norm violate the specifics of higher rank norm; law contravention means the lower rank norm violate the spirit or principle of the higher rank norm. From the perspective of politics, economy, culture and society, this article analyzes these three opinions and justifies the third one as the only right answer. It denies the way of listing comes up with a new way which uses the principle to judge law contravention.

From the two sides of agglomeration, this paper tries to rethink the necessity of agglomeration extraction. Based on a review of the history of cities' developments and a summary of the "Neo- Urbanism" theory, it puts forward that finding out the functional factors behind Beijing's agglomeration should be prior to the extracting Beijing's non-capital functions. By horizontal and vertical comparison——international and domestic comparison, it is found that the core capital function is not strong leading to loose developments, while the function of non-core capital and non-capital functions are redundant which means low efficiency in growth. Therefore, based on sinicization of the Neo-Urbanism,we raised the new idea——TOD model in China.

The Liberal Theology thought had a very important influence on Bao Guanglin. He had an open-minded attitude on the Christian doctrines, and wanted to serve as well as transform the society through the Christianity, which was greatly attractive to Early Lao She. Bao Guanglin played an important role in the Indigenization Movement of the Church in China, which similarly convinced Lao She. However, it didn't mean that Lao She accepted Bao's thoughts thoroughly. The relationship between them was dialogical and complementary.

Based on panel data from 2009 to 2015, this paper uses the dynamic GMM regression method to research how the changes in asset liability structure impact bankruptcy risk and profitability of city commercial banks in China. The results show that:The higher the level of non deposit liabilities, the higher the bankruptcy risk and the lower the profitability, because of lower stability and higher cost of non deposit liabilities; the higher the level of non credit assets, the higher the bankruptcy risk and the lower the profitability, because of potential liquidity risk, credit risk of basic asset and lower ROA of interbank, investment and financing business; a bigger size of a city commercial bank can effectively reduce the adverse impact of asset liability changes on its risk and profitability.

Postponing retirement age is an important measure to deal with population aging. This paper,by means of period comparison and cohort analysis,studies employment of elders and the change of employment under current retirement age from 2000 to 2010 census data. The results show that there is a significant decline in the proportion of the elderly population in the legal retirement age. The effect of retirement age on the employment behavior of the elderly is different between urban and rural areas,specifically,strong effect on urban elderly, while weak on rural. Although current retirement system in rural areas is not implemented, the release of rural pensions regards retirement age as a starting point. To adjust retirement age, it should pay special attention to the survival of rural elderly.

As a critical part of the whole financial market, multi-level capital market has a great value to the economic and social development of Beijing in the “new normal”economy. Currently, the establishment of multi-level capital market in Beijing has a considerable basis. Facing with Beijing’s new economic and social situation during the “13th Five Year Plan”period, new targets of the establishment of multi-level capital market have been set up, such as: to build up Beijing as China’s most dynamic capital service center for the innovation and entrepreneurship, the platform of the coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, and the third pole of Chinese capital market. Suggestions have been made towards key tasks and assurance measures for the purpose of gradual targets achievements.

The character in Laozi of Guodian bamboo slips still should be interpreted and read as “jing (惊)”. The other editions of Laozi are not based on a so-called mistaken interpretation. “Chongru(宠辱)” is neither a pair of paralleling antonyms, nor a verb-object word group, nor a compound word with partial meaning, nor a special concept of Taoism. Actually, it means being favored is disgraceful. “Chongweixiaye(宠为下也)” is a further explanation of “Chongru”. Just as “Dahuan(大患)” is the value judgment of “Gui (贵)”, “Ru(辱)” and “Xia(下)” are both the valuation of “Chong(宠)”. “Xia” is exactly another way of saying of “Ru”. So the two propositions, which are put forward at the front of this chapter, should be punctuated as “Chong Ruruojing(宠,辱若惊); GuiDahuanruoshen(贵,大患若身)”. The character “Ren(人)” is mistakenly assigned to this chapter in Guodian bamboo slips. Here, Laozi revalues being favored and high social status, thus turns secular values upside down.

There are some similarities and variations,complementariness and differences of Guo Xiaochuan's love poems and love letters from 1949-1966,in the narrative model of love,the value orientation of text,the image of poet and the style of writing, etc. By analyzing and studying the intertextuality of public love poems and private love letters, we can observe the complex correlation between text and para-text of contemporary poems. The research and arrangement of para-text can broaden effectively the interpretive space of poetry text, introspect the unique phenomena and complex problems in the development of contemporary poems. A further study is conducted in respect of classification and combing, revaluation and question-exploration of para-text of contemporary poems.

Jiang Jieshi ordered Wu Jingxiong to re-translate Psalms during the anti-Japanese War. Wu Jingxiong made a variety research on Bible versions and references, translated Bible into Chinese with an ancient poetry style, including four-characters, five-characters, seven-characters, melted Book of Songs, Lisao, Chuci, Tang poetry into one. Jiang Jieshi proofread Wu Jingxiong's translations three times and proposed a lot of useful amendments during the wartime. Draft Version of Content Translation of the Psalms(圣咏译义初稿) was a successful attempt of the Chinization of Christian Classics, and attracted lots attentions. However, due to Chinese's few knowledge at that time, it was difficult for the book to be noticed by the ordinary Christians which weakened its influence in Chinese Christians greatly.

From the perspective of power operation, there are longitudinal mechanism and transverse mechanism in the cross-domain environment governance field. According to the strength of longitudinal and transverse mechanisms, this paper builds a two-dimensional analysis framework of cross domain environment governance, dividing it into four modes, namely, "weak governance", "governance based on the authority", "governance based on the resources depend on each other", and "strong government". Under this analysis framework, it analyzes "River-chief System", which is the system innovation of the cross domain river governance in China recently. Through the reinforcement of longitudinal mechanism, "River-chief System" promotes the cross-domain river governance from "weak governance" to "authority relies on governance", which gained a short-term positive effect with hidden crisis. The regulation demand and the complementarity of vertical and horizontal mechanism determine the governance of the cross-domain watershed should be oriented to the "strong governance" model.

Negative behaviors of star endorsement emerge in an endless stream of stars, this paper studies both break-feeling and break-law negative behaviors of star endorsement on the perception of moral evaluation and brand attitude. It finds that: the break-feeling behavior, compared with break-law, will make more damages on the moral perception of star endorsement; the attribution of negative behavior of star endorsement have significant influence on the perception of moral evaluation; the decreased of perception of moral evaluation about star endorsement, no matter of utility or hedonic product, will negative affect the brand attitude.

As one of the six core values, Care Value is of great importance in Singapore’s Character and Citizen Education. Referring to Singapore’s New Lessons Standard and the elementary schools textbook Good moral, Good citizen, this paper finds that Singapore’s Care Value education those features: six aspects-- individual, family, school, community, country, world, are arranged correlatively and rise in a spiral mode; two skills --social and emotional management skills and skills related to civil ethics, are combined with core values and formed a good interaction; three concepts –-identity, interpersonal relationship and choice , developed deeply and scientifically.

Scholars vary a lot as to the difference of nature between administrative law relationship and civil law relationship. It is generally held among civil law scholars that the difference is equality and inequality in nature, while administrative law scholars, such as the theory of balance, think that legal status of the parties of administrative law should be equal, and be balanced as a whole. The source of such a difference lies in the leap from descriptive level to prescriptive level. The provision of General Principles of Civil Law on civil subjects with equal status is supposed to be descriptive, designated to solve the issue of scope of the Civil Law, and should not be taken as the criteria of ought to be of the nature of administrative law relationship. The reason that the difference between administrative law and civil law emphasizing the character of command-obedience, is only the difference between statutory authority and autonomy of will. The difference should be understood under the background of modern Rechtsstaat, and should not equal the nature of command-obedience with administrative law of its own.

As globalization is sweeping countries all around the world into an interconnected space of symbiosis, education has been deeply influenced and questioned by multiculturalism. The proposals and behavior modes of multiculturalism, however, only worked on the coexistence of diverse cultures, rather than removing the dilemmas in building a dialogic bridge among them. In terms of preschool education, rethinking the ongoing confusion of culture, localizing the understanding of multiculturalism and reproducing adaptive culture are the effective ways to face global challenges and develop preschool education.

Based on data of 200 couples of F Town in North China, this article uses binary logistic regression and ordered logistic method to explore the influential factor on marriage circle from three aspects-population migration, marriage variables and personal characteristics. The results showed that those born in a late marriage age have a wider marriage scope. At the same time, spouse, family background and non-agricultural village level have become the main factors affecting the scope of marriage. Compared with the results of previous studies, social factors such as education level, migrant working do not affect marriage scope directly,but play a role on it by the time of mating.

During the World War II, Shen Tong had done some nutrition survey on and refinement of the soldiers at the front after he received a doctor's degree from Cornell University. He found that most Chinese soldiers had series of nutritional problems and diseases due to vitamin deficiency. Knowing this situation, Xu Peng-cheng and other Chinese student in Cornell University donated vitamin to China for the front use and related researches. This vitamin donation made by Cornell students and teachers, on the one hand, help the ease of the diseases caused by vitamin deficiency of the soldiers in the front and the citizens in the rear; And, more importantly, these vitamins were used for studies. Shen Tong and other scientists discovered and mastered the crystalline vitamin substitute production and application, which was very important to the battlefield requirements and country construction.